Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents, including how partial and inverse agonist functionality may impact the efficacy of psychopharmacologic treatments.

a unique target for therapeutic intervention in neuropsychiatric disorder. The authors proposed that neurotransmission and Ligand-gated ion channels play a central role in intercellular communication in the nervous system and Ligand-gated ion channels are oligomeric protein assemblies that convert a chemical signal into an ion flux through the post-synaptic membrane and are involved in basic brain functions such as attention, learning, and memory. Furthermore, Ion gated channels include GABA, acetylcholine, glutamate, Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), AMPA, NMDA, nicotine, and glycine, and many proteins are known to bind to the different subunits of ligand-gated ion channel receptors at specific subcellular localization, and these interacting proteins can both modulate ion channel function and influence the localization of the channel in the cell and in the membrane. Li et al. observed that i on channel function is modulated by interactions with G couple proteins and influence onthe dynamics of receptor trafficking and targeting to designated subcellular areas, as well as the assembly, stability, and turnover of the receptor on the membrane and in intracellular signaling pathways with interactions permitting functioning to both external stimuli and intracellular states which allows for complex signal processing by neurons and new targets for pharmacological manipulation of neuron function. Explain how the role of epigenetics may contribute to pharmacologic action. Epigenetics focuses on alterations and modification of genes, including methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation of DNA and histone proteins (nucleosomes), and chromatin remodeling results in disorders like cancer and degenerative diseases (Rasool et al., 2015).Rasool et al. noted that factors like nutrition and the environment cause epigenetics alteration. The authors proposed that the collection of genome DNA information for patients at risk for disorders is vital due to the need for unique treatments for patients who do not respond to specific conditions. Moreover, many chronic disease treatments with traditional medicines may be ineffective